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THE POEM

Tutup mata hatimu dari kebencian, jangan selalu gelisah, hiduplah dengan kesederhanaan, pengeluaran yang terbatas, memberi yang banyak, selalu bernyanyi, selalu berdo'a, lupakan masa lalu...selalu berpikir dengan perasaan, beri perasaan hatimu dengan cinta seperti matahari yang akan terbit...semua itu merupakan lingkaran emas dari kehidupan yang pasti akan berhasil.

Kawan-kawan adalah perhiasan yang langka.

Mereka membuatmu tertawa dan memberimu semangat.

Mereka bersedia mendengarkan jika itu kau perlukan,

mereka menunjang dan membuka hatimu.

Tunjukkanlah kepada teman-temanmu

betapa kau menyukai mereka

"Keindahan persahabatan adalah bahwa kamu tahu kepada

siapa kamu dapat mempercayakan rahasia" (Alessandro Manzoni).

Berilah kepada orang lebih dari yang mereka harapkan,

dan lakukan secara bijaksana.

Bila kau tidak mendapatkan apa yang kau inginkan,

mungkin saja itu keberuntunganmu

Jika kau ditanya sesuatu yang tak ingin kau jawab, senyumlah,

dan tanya: "Mengapa kamu mau tahu?"

Totem Tantra ini datang dari bagian Utara India.

WHAT IS THE MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.


Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed-circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit, memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard (see below). In the late 1980s, motherboards began to include single ICs (called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. As of the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

The early pioneers of motherboard manufacturing were Micronics, Mylex, AMI, DTK, Hauppauge, Orchid Technology, Elitegroup, DFI, and a number of Taiwan-based manufacturers.

Popular personal computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.

The term mainboard is archaically applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability. In modern terms this would include embedded systems, and controlling boards in televisions, washing machines etc. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit with the capability to add/extend its performance/capabilities with the addition of "daughterboards".
Peripheral card slots

A typical motherboard of 2009 will have a different number of connections depending on its standard. A standard ATX motherboard will typically have 1x PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, 2x PCI slots for various expansion cards and 1x PCI-E 1x which will eventually supersede PCI.

A standard Super ATX motherboard will have 1x PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card. It will also have a varying number of PCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. This varies between brands and models.

Some motherboards have 2x PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware or to allow use of a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia) and Crossfire (for ATI). These allow 2 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming and video-editing.

As of 2007[update], virtually all motherboards come with at least 4x USB ports on the rear, with at least 2 connections on the board internally for wiring additional front ports that are built into the computer's case. Ethernet is also included now. This is a standard networking cable for connecting the computer to a network or a modem. A sound chip is always included on the motherboard, to allow sound to be output without the need for any extra components. This allows computers to be far more multimedia-based than before. Cheaper machines now often have their graphics chip built into the motherboard rather than a separate card.

Snakes on a Plane adalah sebuah film laga yang akan dirilis oleh New Line Cinema pada tanggal 18 Agustus 2006. Disutradarai oleh David R. Ellis, film ini ditulis oleh Sheldon Turner dan dibintangi Samuel L. Jackson. Walaupun sedang dalam pascaproduksi, dan film ini telah menyelesaikan principal photography pada August 2005, lima hari re-shooting tambahan telah dilakukan untuk mengangkat film ini dari rating PG-13 ke
rating R.
Neville Flynn (Samuel L. Jackson) dan Sean Jones (Nathan Phillips), dua agen FBI, menyertai John Saunders (Mark Houghton), seorang mantan anggota mafia, untuk bersaksi dalam sebuah kasus yang terkenal. Dalam penerbangan antara Hawaii dan California, seorang pembunuh bayaran menyogok pihak keamanan bandara untuk memasukkan 400 ular ke dalam pesawat untuk membunuh saksi tersebut.
Film ini menjadi terkenal di internet karena judulnya dan karena blog dari screenwriter Josh Friedman. Selain itu juga karena aktor populer Samuel L. Jackson. Pada suatu waktu, judul film ini akan diubah menjadi Pacific Air Flight 121. Namun Samuel L. Jackson mengatakan judul itu harus diubah karena ia setuju membintangi film tersebut hanya dari judulnya.

Suatu ketika, seorang rekan memeriksa kondisi suatu hard disk dengan sebuah peranti lunak. Ia merasa hard disk-nya kurang beres. Ternyata, dugaannya benar. Hasil uji peranti itu menyatakan bahwa ada bagian atau sektor tertentu pada hard disk yang rusak (bad sector), dan kerusakannya mengkhawatirkan. Peranti itu pun memberi tahu kalau ia sebaiknya bersiap untuk mengganti hard disk karena kemungkinan terjadi crash sangat besar.

Wah, perlukah rekan PCplus itu mengganti hard disk? Apa sudah tidak bisa diperbaiki?

Saran PCplus, ada baiknya coba perbaiki hard disk itu dulu. Siapa tahu masih bisa bekerja lagi. Maklum, sebagian besar hard disk yang beredar sekarang ini memiliki sektor cadangan, yang ditujukan untuk kondisi seperti ini. Kalau Anda bisa memanfaatkan sektor cadangan itu, Anda bisa menunda pembelian hard disk baru.

Kalau pakai Windows XP, jalankan MS-DOS Prompt. Ketikkan perintah “chkdsk /R” lalu tekan [Enter]. Perintah itu akan membuat Windows mencari posisi bad sector dan mengembalikan data atau informasi yang masih bisa dibaca.

Siapa tahu Anda masih pakai Windows 95, Windows 98, atau Windows Millenium, coba pakai Scandisk bawaan sistem operasi yang memiliki opsi untuk melakukan pemindaian sekalian perbaikan seadanya.

Cara barusan adalah tindakan cepat yang bisa Anda lakukan apabila Anda mencurigai hard disk punya bad sector. Kalau cara tadi tidak sukses, coba cara ini.

Pakai Utiliti
Anda bisa pakai peranti yang mampu menghilangkan logic bad sector dan memperbaikinya. Asal tahu saja, bad sector dibagi jadi dua: logic dan physic. Peranti itu membuat hard disk kembali bekerja dengan “menghapus” bad sector-nya.

Hard disk biasanya dipaketkan dengan suatu peranti lunak untuk fungsi manajemen sekaligus perbaikan. Misalnya, Maxtor dan Quantum punya MaxBlast, Samsung punya ClearHDD, Seagate punya Seagate Format, Western Digital punya Old DLG Diagnostic, dan Fujitsu punya FJ-IDE Drive Initializer Utility.

Anda tidak wajib pakai peranti lunak paketan. Anda bisa juga pakai peranti lain. Perbaikan hard disk yang dijelaskan pada artikel ini memakai SpinRite (www.grc.com). Peranti lunak buatan Gibson Research ini cukup baik buat mengatasi masalah bad sector pada hard disk. Versi terbaru peranti ini—versi 6,0—seharga 89 dollar AS.

SpinRite mendukung FAT, NTFS, Linux, Novell, drive dengan beberapa sistem operasi serta hard disk yang belum diformat. Cara menggunakannya mudah saja. Tinggal ikuti langkah-langkah ini.

1. Buat disket atau CD yang bisa boot. Buatnya di SpinRite. Klik [Create Boot Diskette], [Create ISO or Image File], atau [Install SpinRite on Drive]. Biar gampang, pilih bikin CD bootable. Asal tahu, SpinRite hanya berjalan dalam modus DOS.

2. Setelah file image sudah jadi, gunakan software pembakar CD, seperti Nero Burning ROM, untuk membuat CD. Restart komputer dan boot dengan CD yang barusan dibuat.

3. SpinRite punya 5 opsi atau level. Level yang kemungkinan besar Anda butuhkan adalah level 2 ataupun level 4. Tindakan di level 2 adalah pengembalian data, sedangkan level 4 adalah pemeliharaan drive dan analisis. Pilih saja tindakan yang ingin Anda lakukan.

4. Level apa pun yang Anda pilih, Anda akan diminta untuk memilih drive atau partisi yang ingin Anda periksa atau perbaiki. Setelah itu, lihat atau ubah opsi bagaimana SpinRite memeriksa hard disk Anda. Kalau sudah, lanjutkan dengan langkah selanjutnya, yakni menguji kinerja drive.

Proses pemeriksaan bisa berjalan beberapa jam, tergantung kapasitas dan kecepatan hard disk. Menurut informasi dari pembuatnya, kecepatan maksimal SpinRite adalah 120 GB per jam.

Namun, banyak hal yang memengaruhi kecepatan pemeriksaan itu, misalnya kerusakan hard disk, dukungan Ultra DMA, atau konfigurasi sistem. Untungnya, Anda bisa menghentikan proses pemeriksaan untuk dilanjutkan di lain waktu. Agar tidak perlu mengulang, catat saja posisi pemeriksaan ketika Anda menghentikan proses.

Kalau SpinRite mendeteksi perlunya perbaikan, SpinRite akan langsung bekerja di Level 4 untuk memperbaiki dan mengembalikan data. Level 4 kembali memakan waktu yang tidak sebentar. Hitungan waktu pengerjaan bisa dalam satuan jam bahkan hari, lagi-lagi tergantung kerusakan.

SpinRite punya screen saver yang aktif ketika SpinRite sedang bekerja. Anda bisa pula menampilkan jalannya proses yang sedang berlangsung. Jika hard disk Anda mendukung fitur pembacaan suhu, SpinRite akan melaporkan informasi suhu hard disk. Temperatur hard disk akan naik terus saat SpinRite memperbaiki data Anda.

Ketika bekerja, SpinRite juga memiliki opsi untuk melihat lebih dekat proses perbaikan yang berlangsung. Opsi tersebut namanya adalah “DynaStat Data Recovery”.

Jika hard disk masih rusak setelah diperbaiki dengan peranti seperti SpinRite, barangkali memang sudah waktunya Anda mengganti hard disk baru

Polimer mungkin sudah tidak asing lagi di telinga para biolog ataupun kimiawan, mulai dari DNA hingga PVC. Masyarakat Indonesia mungkin lebih sering mendengar kantong plastik “kresek” dibandingkan istilah polimer itu sendiri. Polymer chemistry dalam beberapa tahun ke belakang mulai dlirik sebagai inovasi dalam anti-cancer nanomedicine seperti yang telah dikemukan Ruth Duncan (2006) dalam Nature Reviews Cancer.

Dalam sistem ilmu polimer ‘tradisional’, salah satu tantangan yang paling sering dihadapi dalam riset adalah mencari molekul yang tepat. Bukan molekulnya tetapi nama yang tepat. Untuk mencari molekul CCC=C saja misalnya;
a. CAS, American Chemists Society memberi nama 1,3-butadiene, homopolymer
b. IUPAC, memberi nama polybutadiene, poly(but-1-ene-1,4-dyl), 1,4-polybutadiene, atau poly(buta-1,3-ene)
c. Scion (DuPont) memberi nama poly-1,3-butadiene

Dapat dibayangkan, berapa banyak waktu yang harus kita gunakan hanya untuk mencari satu molekul dengan berbagai nama dalam PubChem/PubMed/ Web of Science/ bahkan Scholar Google. Perlu disadari juga polymer chemist yang ada di dunia pun pasti akan terbagi-bagi dalam ‘parpol-parpol’ ?nya masing masing-masing yang mengikuti IUPAC, CAS, atau Scion dalam publikasi mereka. Rumit sekali bukan?

Beranjak dari permasalahan ini, Dr. Nico Adams, seorang polymer chemist sekaligus informatician, berusaha untuk mempermudah hidup dari polymer chemists ataupun para peneliti yang berurusan dengan dunia polimer. Bersama timnya di Unilever Cambridge Centre for Molecular Informatics (UCCMI), beliau mulai mengembangkan sebuah sistem yang mampu “mengorganisir” dunia polimer melalui teknologi informatika. Dengan menciptakan Polymer Markup Language, UCCMI membuat sebuah ‘bahasa’ dimana computer mampu mengenali istilah-istilah polimer bahkan menyusun hingga memprediksi struktur hingga physical properties dari molekul itu.

Tidak berhenti sampai disitu, mereka pun membuat program yang diberi nama OSCAR atau Open Source Chemistry Analysis Routines (kini dalam generasi ke-3) yang mampu memindai artikel riset dan merangkum semua polimer yang ada dalam artikel tersebut dan membandingkannya dengan database. Ini akan membuat kesalahan analisis dan pencantuman data dapat dihindari secara dini. Walaupun demikian, pengawasan manusia masih diperlukan mengingat masih belum sempurnanya program ini.

Setelah Bioinformatics, kini Polymer Informatics, membuat hidup menjadi lebih mudah dengan membuat komputer mengerti kimia.

sumber

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to exchange and manipulate files over an Internet Protocol computer network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server applications. Client applications were originally interactive command-line tools with a standardized command syntax, but graphical user interfaces have been developed for all desktop operating systems in use today. FTP is also often used as an application component to automatically transfer files for program internal functions. FTP can be used with user-based password authentication or with anonymous user access. The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a similar, but simplified, not interoperable, and unauthenticated version of FTP.
Connection methods

FTP runs over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).[1] Usually FTP servers listen on the well-known port number 21 (IANA-reserved) for incoming connections from clients. A connection to this port from the FTP client forms the control stream on which commands are passed to the FTP server and responses are collected. FTP uses out-of-band control; it opens dedicated data connections on other port numbers. The parameters for the data streams depend on the specifically requested transport mode. Data connections usually use port number 20.

In active mode, the FTP client opens a dynamic port, sends the FTP server the dynamic port number on which it is listening over the control stream and waits for a connection from the FTP server. When the FTP server initiates the data connection to the FTP client it binds the source port to port 20 on the FTP server.

In order to use active mode, the client sends a PORT command, with the IP and port as argument. The format for the IP and port is "h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2". Each field is a decimal representation of 8 bits of the host IP, followed by the chosen data port. For example, a client with an IP of 192.168.0.1, listening on port 49154 for the data connection will send the command "PORT 192,168,0,1,192,2". The port fields should be interpreted as p1×256 + p2 = port, or, in this example, 192×256 + 2 = 49154.

In passive mode, the FTP server opens a dynamic port, sends the FTP client the server's IP address to connect to and the port on which it is listening (a 16-bit value broken into a high and low byte, as explained above) over the control stream and waits for a connection from the FTP client. In this case, the FTP client binds the source port of the connection to a dynamic port.

To use passive mode, the client sends the PASV command to which the server would reply with something similar to "227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,192,52)". The syntax of the IP address and port are the same as for the argument to the PORT command.

In extended passive mode, the FTP server operates exactly the same as passive mode, however it only transmits the port number (not broken into high and low bytes) and the client is to assume that it connects to the same IP address that was originally connected to. Extended passive mode was added by RFC 2428 in September 1998.

While data is being transferred via the data stream, the control stream sits idle. This can cause problems with large data transfers through firewalls which time out sessions after lengthy periods of idleness. While the file may well be successfully transferred, the control session can be disconnected by the firewall, causing an error to be generated.

The FTP protocol supports resuming of interrupted downloads using the REST command. The client passes the number of bytes it has already received as argument to the REST command and restarts the transfer. In some commandline clients for example, there is an often-ignored but valuable command, "reget" (meaning "get again"), that will cause an interrupted "get" command to be continued, hopefully to completion, after a communications interruption.

Resuming uploads is not as easy. Although the FTP protocol supports the APPE command to append data to a file on the server, the client does not know the exact position at which a transfer got interrupted. It has to obtain the size of the file some other way, for example over a directory listing or using the SIZE command.

In ASCII mode (see below), resuming transfers can be troublesome if client and server use different end of line characters.

sumber

File Transfer Protocol

FTP (singkatan dari File Transfer Protocol) adalah sebuah protokol Internet yang berjalan di dalam lapisan aplikasi yang merupakan standar untuk pentransferan berkas (file) komputer antar mesin-mesin dalam sebuah internetwork.

FTP merupakan salah satu protokol Internet yang paling awal dikembangkan, dan masih digunakan hingga saat ini untuk melakukan pengunduhan (download) dan penggugahan (upload) berkas-berkas komputer antara klien FTP dan server FTP. Sebuah Klien FTP merupakan aplikasi yang dapat mengeluarkan perintah-perintah FTP ke sebuah server FTP, sementara server FTP adalah sebuah Windows Service atau daemon yang berjalan di atas sebuah komputer yang merespons perintah-perintah dari sebuah klien FTP. Perintah-perintah FTP dapat digunakan untuk mengubah direktori, mengubah modus transfer antara biner dan ASCII, menggugah berkas komputer ke server FTP, serta mengunduh berkas dari server FTP.

Sebuah server FTP diakses dengan menggunakan Universal Resource Identifier (URI) dengan menggunakan format ftp://namaserver. Klien FTP dapat menghubungi server FTP dengan membuka URI tersebut.
Cara kerja protokol FTP

FTP menggunakan protokol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) untuk komunikasi data antara klien dan server, sehingga di antara kedua komponen tersebut akan dibuatlah sebuah sesi komunikasi sebelum transfer data dimulai. Sebelum membuat koneksi, port TCP nomor 21 di sisi server akan "mendengarkan" percobaan koneksi dari sebuah klien FTP dan kemudian akan digunakan sebagai port pengatur (control port) untuk (1) membuat sebuah koneksi antara klien dan server, (2) untuk mengizinkan klien untuk mengirimkan sebuah perintah FTP kepada server dan juga (3) mengembalikan respons server ke perintah tersebut. Sekali koneksi kontrol telah dibuat, maka server akan mulai membuka port TCP nomor 20 untuk membentuk sebuah koneksi baru dengan klien untuk mentransfer data aktual yang sedang dipertukarkan saat melakukan pengunduhan dan penggugahan.

FTP hanya menggunakan metode autentikasi standar, yakni menggunakan username dan password yang dikirim dalam bentuk tidak terenkripsi. Pengguna terdaftar dapat menggunakan username dan password-nya untuk mengakses, men-download, dan meng-upload berkas-berkas yang ia kehendaki. Umumnya, para pengguna terdaftar memiliki akses penuh terhadap beberapa direktori, sehingga mereka dapat membuat berkas, membuat direktori, dan bahkan menghapus berkas. Pengguna yang belum terdaftar dapat juga menggunakan metode anonymous login, yakni dengan menggunakan nama pengguna anonymous dan password yang diisi dengan menggunakan alamat e-mail.

sumber

JUNK FOOD

Junk food adalah istilah yang mendeskripsikan makanan yang tidak sehat atau memiliki sedikit kandungan nutrisi. Junk food mengandung jumlah lemak yang besar. Makanan cepat saji seperti hamburger, kentang goreng dari McDonald's, KFC dan Pizza Hut sering dianggap sebagai junk food, sementara makanan yang sama seperti California Pizza Kitchen atau Nando's tidak dianggap, meskipun nutrisi yang dimilikinya hampir sama.

THE CARS

Despite their economic woes and cutbacks, GM announced in late April that the Corvette brand would be continue pushing the performance envelope with their 2010 models, including reviving the Grand Sport moniker and the introduction of a GT-R-esque launch control system. (That, if used, won’t void the manufacturer warranty - much to the approval of enthusiasts who thought the fact that using the launch control on the GT-R would do just that was simply stupid.)

The appearance of the Grand Sport and new technology shows that GM is still very much invested in furthering the development of the Corvette brand. That said, many current Corvette owners are either holding on to their current Corvettes - either holding out for the much-rumored C7 or just choosing not to add a new car payment to their checkbook. Some, perhaps, are Corvette enthusiasts or Corvette collectors that think demand for their particular model year will rise if GM keeps cutting production. And some are just taking advantage of dealer incentives and tax breaks to pick up the car of their dreams, and snatching up the remaining 2009 C6’s at unbelievable prices.

SUMBER

THE KITCHEN

The evolution of the kitchen is linked to the invention of the cooking range or stove and the development of water infrastructure capable of supplying water to private homes. Until the 18th century, food was cooked over an open fire. Technical advances in heating food in the 18th and 19th centuries, changed the architecture of the kitchen. Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

[edit] Antiquity

The houses in Ancient Greece were commonly of the atrium-type: the rooms were arranged around a central courtyard. In many such homes, a covered but otherwise open patio served as the kitchen. Homes of the wealthy had the kitchen as a separate room, usually next to a bathroom (so that both rooms could be heated by the kitchen fire), both rooms being accessible from the court. In such houses, there was often a separate small storage room in the back of the kitchen used for storing food and kitchen utensils.

In the Roman Empire, common folk in cities often had no kitchen of their own; they did their cooking in large public kitchens. Some had small mobile bronze stoves, on which a fire could be lit for cooking. Wealthy Romans had relatively well-equipped kitchens. In a Roman villa, the kitchen was typically integrated into the main building as a separate room, set apart for practical reasons of smoke and sociological reasons of the kitchen being operated by slaves. The fireplace was typically on the floor, placed at a wall—sometimes raised a little bit—such that one had to kneel to cook. There were no chimneys.

[edit] Middle Ages
The roasting spit in this European medieval kitchen was driven automatically by a propeller—the black cloverleaf-like structure in the upper left.

Early medieval European longhouses had an open fire under the highest point of the building. The "kitchen area" was between the entrance and the fireplace. In wealthy homes there was typically more than one kitchen. In some homes there were upwards of three kitchens. The kitchens were divided based on the types of food prepared in them.[1] In place of a chimney, these early buildings had a hole in the roof through which some of the smoke could escape. Besides cooking, the fire also served as a source of heat and light to the single-room building. A similar design can be found in the Iroquois longhouses of North America.

In the larger homesteads of European nobles, the kitchen was sometimes in a separate sunken floor building to keep the main building, which served social and official purposes, free from indoor smoke.

The first known stoves in Japan date from about the same time. The earliest findings are from the Kofun period (3rd to 6th century). These stoves, called kamado, were typically made of clay and mortar; they were fired with wood or charcoal through a hole in the front and had a hole in the top, into which a pot could be hanged by its rim. This type of stove remained in use for centuries to come, with only minor modifications. Like in Europe, the wealthier homes had a separate building which served for cooking. A kind of open fire pit fired with charcoal, called irori, remained in use as the secondary stove in most homes until the Edo period (17th to 19th century). A kamado was used to cook the staple food, for instance rice, while irori served both to cook side dishes and as a heat source.

The kitchen remained largely unaffected by architectural advances throughout the Middle Ages; open fire remained the only method of heating food. European medieval kitchens were dark, smoky, and sooty places, whence their name "smoke kitchen". In European medieval cities around the 10th to 12th centuries, the kitchen still used an open fire hearth in the middle of the room. In wealthy homes, the ground floor was often used as a stable while the kitchen was located on the floor above, like the bedroom and the hall. In castles and monasteries, the living and working areas were separated; the kitchen was sometimes moved to a separate building, and thus could not serve anymore to heat the living rooms. In some castles the kitchen was retained in the same structure, but servants were strictly separated from nobles, by constructing separate spiral stone staircases for use of servants to bring food to upper levels. An extant example of such a medieval kitchen with servants' staircase is at Muchalls Castle in Scotland. In Japanese homes, the kitchen started to become a separate room within the main building at that time.
18th century cooks tended a fire and endured smoke in this Swiss farmhouse smoke kitchen.

With the advent of the chimney, the hearth moved from the center of the room to one wall, and the first brick-and-mortar hearths were built. The fire was lit on top of the construction; a vault underneath served to store wood. Pots made of iron, bronze, or copper started to replace the pottery used earlier. The temperature was controlled by hanging the pot higher or lower over the fire, or placing it on a trivet or directly on the hot ashes. Using open fire for cooking (and heating) was risky; fires devastating whole cities occurred frequently.

Leonardo da Vinci invented an automated system for a rotating spit for spit-roasting: a propeller in the chimney made the spit turn all by itself. This kind of system was widely used in wealthier homes. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, kitchens in Europe lost their home-heating function even more and were increasingly moved from the living area into a separate room. The living room was now heated by tiled stoves, operated from the kitchen, which offered the huge advantage of not filling the room with smoke.

Freed from smoke and dirt, the living room thus began to serve as an area for social functions and increasingly became a showcase for the owner's wealth. In the upper classes, cooking and the kitchen were the domain of the servants, and the kitchen was set apart from the living rooms, sometimes even far from the dining room. Poorer homes often did not have a separate kitchen yet; they kept the one-room arrangement where all activities took place, or at the most had the kitchen in the entrance hall.

The medieval smoke kitchen (or Farmhouse kitchen) remained common, especially in rural farmhouses and generally in poorer homes, until much later. In a few European farmhouses, the smoke kitchen was in regular use until the middle of the 20th century. These houses often had no chimney, but only a smoke hood above the fireplace, made of wood and covered with clay, used to smoke meat. The smoke rose more or less freely, warming the upstairs rooms and protecting the woodwork from vermin.

[edit] Colonial American kitchens

In Colonial America, the pioneers cooked over a fireplace in a corner of the cabin. The kitchen became a separate room only later. In the south, where the climate and sociological conditions differed, the kitchen was often relegated to an outhouse, separate from the mansion, for much of the same reasons as in the feudal kitchen in medieval Europe: the kitchen was operated by slaves, and their working place had to be separated from the living area of the masters by the social standards of the time. Separate "summer kitchens" were also common on large farms in the north. These were used to prepare meals for harvest workers and tasks such as canning.

[edit] Industrialization
A typical rural American kitchen of 1918 at The Sauer-Beckmann Farmstead, Texas

Technological advances during industrialization brought major changes to the kitchen. Iron stoves, which enclosed the fire completely and were more efficient, appeared. Early models included the Franklin stove around 1740, which was a furnace stove intended for heating, not for cooking. Benjamin Thompson in England designed his "Rumford stove" around 1800. This stove was much more energy efficient than earlier stoves; it used one fire to heat several pots, which were hung into holes on top of the stove and were thus heated from all sides instead of just from the bottom. However, his stove was designed for large kitchens; it was too big for domestic use. The "Oberlin stove" was a refinement of the technique that resulted in a size reduction; it was patented in the U.S. in 1834 and became a commercial success with some 90,000 units sold over the next 30 years. These stoves were still fired with wood or coal. Although the first gas street lamps were installed in Paris, London, and Berlin at the beginning of the 1820s and the first U.S. patent on a gas stove was granted in 1825, it was not until the late 19th century that using gas for lighting and cooking became commonplace in urban areas.

The urbanization in the second half of the 19th century induced other significant changes that would ultimately change the kitchen. Out of sheer necessity, cities began planning and building water distribution pipes into homes, and built sewers to deal with the waste water. Gas pipes were laid; gas was used first for lighting purposes, but once the network had grown sufficiently, it also became available for heating and cooking on gas stoves. At the turn of the 20th century, electricity had been mastered well enough to become a commercially viable alternative to gas and slowly started replacing the latter. But like the gas stove, the electrical stove had a slow start. The first electrical stove had been presented in 1893 at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, but it was not until the 1930s that the technology was stable enough and began to take off.

Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with "night sleepers", unmarried men who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.

In contrast, there were no dramatic changes for the upper classes. The kitchen, located in the basement or the ground floor, continued to be operated by servants. In some houses, water pumps were installed, and some even had kitchen sinks and drains (but no water on tap yet, except for some feudal kitchens in castles). The kitchen became a much cleaner space with the advent of "cooking machines", closed stoves made of iron plates and fired by wood and increasingly charcoal or coal, and that had flue pipes connected to the chimney. For the servants the kitchen continued to also serve as a sleeping room; they slept either on the floor, or later in narrow spaces above a lowered ceiling, for the new stoves with their smoke outlet no longer required a high ceiling in the kitchen. The kitchen floors were tiled; kitchenware was neatly stored in cupboards to protect them from dust and steam. A large table served as a workbench; there were at least as many chairs as there were servants, for the table in the kitchen also doubled as the eating place for the servants.

The middle class tried to imitate the luxurious dining styles of the upper class as best as it could. Living in smaller apartments, the kitchen was the main room—here, the family lived. The study or living room was saved for special occasions such as an occasional dinner invitation. Because of this, these middle-class kitchens were often more homely than those of the upper class, where the kitchen was a work-only room occupied only by the servants. Besides a cupboard to store the kitchenware, there were a table and chairs, where the family would dine, and sometimes—if space allowed—even a fauteuil or a couch.

Gas pipes were first laid in the late 19th century, and gas stoves started to replace the older coal-fired stoves. Gas was more expensive than coal, though, and thus the new technology was first installed in the wealthier homes. Where workers' apartments were equipped with a gas stove, gas distribution would go through a coin meter.

In rural areas, the older technology using coal or wood stoves or even brick-and-mortar open fireplaces remained common throughout. Gas and water pipes were first installed in the big cities; small villages were connected only much later.

[edit] Rationalization
The Poggenpohl kitchen, 1892

To streamline work processes, Taylorism and time-motion studies were used to optimize processes. The German kitchen brand 'Poggenpohl', established in 1892 by Friedemir Poggenpohl, introduced ergonomic work-top heights & storage chutes that were later adopted by Schütte-Lihotzk's Frankfurt Kitchen. These ideas also spilled over into domestic kitchen architecture because of a growing trend that called for a professionalization of household work, noted in the mid-19th century by Catharine Beecher and amplified by Christine Frederick's publications in the 1910s.
The Frankfurt kitchen using Taylorist principles

Working class women frequently worked in factories to ensure the family's survival, as the men's wages often did not suffice. Social housing projects led to the next milestone: the "Frankfurt kitchen". Developed in 1926, this kitchen measured 1.9 m by 3.4 m (approximately 6 ft 2 inby 11 ft 2 in, with a standard layout. It was built for two purposes: to optimize kitchen work to reduce cooking time (so that women would have more time for the factory) and to lower the cost of building decently-equipped kitchens. The design, created by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, was the result of detailed time-motion studies and heavily influenced by the railway dining car kitchens of the period. It was built in some 10,000 apartments in a social housing project of architect Ernst May in Frankfurt.

The initial reception was heavily critical: people were not accustomed to the changed processes also designed by Schütte-Lihotzky; it was so small that only one person could work in it; some storage spaces intended for raw loose food ingredients such as flour were reachable by children. But the Frankfurt kitchen embodied a standard for the rest of the 20th century in rental apartments: the "work kitchen". Too small to live or dine in, it was soon criticized as "exiling the women in the kitchen", but the post-World War II conservatism coupled with economic reasons prevailed. The kitchen once more was seen as a work place that needed to be separated from the living areas. Practical reasons also played a role in this development: just as in the bourgeois homes of the past, one reason for separating the kitchen was to keep the steam and smells of cooking out of the living room.

Friedemir Poggenpohl, led innovation in the kitchen area by presenting the 'reform kitchen' in 1928 with interconnecting cabinets & functional interiors. The reform kitchen was a forerunner to the later unit kitchen, & fitted kitchen. In 1950, Poggenpohl presents the form 1000, the world's first unit kitchen, at the Furniture Fair in Cologne.

[edit] Technicalization
Stainless steel home appliances popular in modern western kitchens

The idea of standardized dimensions and layout developed for the Frankfurt kitchen took hold while Poggenpohl began exporting to neighboring countries which for the first time required a kitchen specifier known today as a kitchen designer. The equipment used remained a standard for years to come: hot and cold water on tap and a kitchen sink and an electrical or gas stove and oven. Not much later, the refrigerator was added as a standard item. The concept was refined in the "Swedish kitchen" using unit furniture with wooden fronts for the kitchen cabinets. Soon the concept was amended by the use of smooth synthetic door and drawer fronts, first in white, recalling a sense of cleanliness and alluding to sterile lab or hospital settings, but soon after in more lively colors, too. A trend began in the 1940s in the United States to equip the kitchen with electrified small and large kitchen appliances such as blenders, toasters, and later also microwave ovens. Following the end of World War II, massive demand in Europe for low-price, high-tech consumer goods led to Western European kitchens being designed to accommodate new appliances such as refrigerators and electric/gas cookers.

Parallel to this development in tenement buildings was the evolution of the kitchen in homeowner's houses. There, the kitchens usually were somewhat larger, suitable for everyday use as a dining room, but otherwise the ongoing technicalization was the same, and the use of unit furniture also became a standard in this market sector.

General technocentric enthusiasm even led some designers to take the "work kitchen" approach even further, culminating in futuristic designs like Luigi Colani's "kitchen satellite" (1969, commissioned by the German high-end kitchen manufacturer Poggenpohl for an exhibit), in which the room was reduced to a ball with a chair in the middle and all appliances at arm's length, an optimal arrangement maybe for "applying heat to food", but not necessarily for actual cooking. Such extravaganzas remained outside the norm, though.

In the former Eastern bloc countries, the official doctrine viewed cooking as a mere necessity, and women should work "for the society" in factories, not at home. Also, housing had to be built at low costs and quickly, which led directly to the standardized apartment block using prefabricated slabs. The kitchen was reduced to its minimums and the "work kitchen" paradigm taken to its extremes: in East Germany for instance, the standard tenement block of the model "P2" had tiny 4 m² kitchens in the inside of the building (no windows), connected to the dining and living room of the 55 m² apartment and separated from the latter by a pass-through or a window.

[edit] Open kitchens

Starting in the 1980s, the perfection of the extractor hood allowed an open kitchen again, integrated more or less with the living room without causing the whole apartment or house to smell. Before that, only a few earlier experiments, typically in newly built upper middle class family homes, had open kitchens. Examples are Frank Lloyd Wright's House Willey (1934) and House Jacobs (1936). Both had open kitchens, with high ceilings (up to the roof) and were aired by skylights. The extractor hood made it possible to build open kitchens in apartments, too, where both high ceilings and skylights were not possible.

The re-integration of the kitchen and the living area went hand in hand with a change in the perception of cooking: increasingly, cooking was seen as a creative and sometimes social act instead of work, especially in upper social classes. Besides, many families also appreciated the trend towards open kitchens, as it made it easier for the parents to supervise the children while cooking. The enhanced status of cooking also made the kitchen a prestige object for showing off one's wealth or cooking professionalism. Some architects have capitalized on this "object" aspect of the kitchen by designing freestanding "kitchen objects". However, like their precursor, Colani's "kitchen satellite", such futuristic designs are exceptions.

Another reason for the trend back to open kitchens (and a foundation of the "kitchen object" philosophy) is changes in how food is prepared. Whereas prior to the 1950s most cooking started out with raw ingredients and a meal had to be prepared from scratch, the advent of frozen meals and pre-prepared convenience food changed the cooking habits of many people, who consequently used the kitchen less and less. For others, who followed the "cooking as a social act" trend, the open kitchen had the advantage that they could be with their guests while cooking, and for the "creative cooks" it might even become a stage for their cooking performance. The "Trophy Kitchen" is highly equipped with very expensive and sophisticated appliances which are used primarily to impress visitors and to project social status, rather than for actual cooking.

[edit] Domestic kitchen planning
Beecher's "model kitchen" brought early ergonomic principles to the home

Domestic kitchen design per se is a relatively recent discipline. The first ideas to optimize the work in the kitchen go back to Catharine Beecher's A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1843, revised and republished together with her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe as The American Woman's Home in 1869). Beecher's "model kitchen" propagated for the first time a systematic design based on early ergonomics. The design included regular shelves on the walls, ample work space, and dedicated storage areas for various food items. Beecher even separated the functions of preparing food and cooking it altogether by moving the stove into a compartment adjacent to the kitchen.

Christine Frederick published from 1913 a series of articles on "New Household Management" in which she analyzed the kitchen following Taylorist principles, presented detailed time-motion studies, and derived a kitchen design from them. Her ideas were taken up in the 1920s by architects in Germany and Austria, most notably Bruno Taut, Erna Meyer, and Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky. A social housing project in Frankfurt (the Römerstadt of architect Ernst May) realized in 1927/8 was the breakthrough for her Frankfurt kitchen, which embodied this new notion of efficiency in the kitchen.

While this "work kitchen" and variants derived from it were a great success for tenement buildings, home owners had different demands and did not want to be constrained by a 6.4 m² kitchen. Nevertheless, kitchen design was mostly ad-hoc following the whims of the architect. In the U.S., the "Small Homes Council", since 1993 the "Building Research Council", of the School of Architecture of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was founded in 1944 with the goal to improve the state of the art in home building, originally with an emphasis on standardization for cost reduction. It was there that the notion of the kitchen work triangle was formalized: the three main functions in a kitchen are storage, preparation, and cooking (which Catharine Beecher had already recognized), and the places for these functions should be arranged in the kitchen in such a way that work at one place does not interfere with work at another place, the distance between these places is not unnecessarily large, and no obstacles are in the way. A natural arrangement is a triangle, with the refrigerator, the sink, and the stove at a vertex each.

This observation led to a few common kitchen forms, commonly characterized by the arrangement of the kitchen cabinets and sink, stove, and refrigerator:

* A single-file kitchen (or one-way galley) has all of these along one wall; the work triangle degenerates to a line. This is not optimal, but often the only solution if space is restricted. This may be common in an attic space that is being converted into a living space, or a studio apartment.
* The double-file kitchen (or two-way galley) has two rows of cabinets at opposite walls, one containing the stove and the sink, the other the refrigerator. This is the classical work kitchen.
* In the L-kitchen, the cabinets occupy two adjacent walls. Again, the work triangle is preserved, and there may even be space for an additional table at a third wall, provided it does not intersect the triangle.
* A U-kitchen has cabinets along three walls, typically with the sink at the base of the "U". This is a typical work kitchen, too, unless the two other cabinet rows are short enough to place a table at the fourth wall.
* The block kitchen (or island) is a more recent development, typically found in open kitchens. Here, the stove or both the stove and the sink are placed where an L or U kitchen would have a table, in a freestanding "island", separated from the other cabinets. In a closed room, this does not make much sense, but in an open kitchen, it makes the stove accessible from all sides such that two persons can cook together, and allows for contact with guests or the rest of the family, since the cook does not face the wall anymore.

In the 1980s there was a backlash against industrial kitchen planning and cabinets with people installing a mix of work surfaces and free standing furniture, led by kitchen designer Johnny Grey and his concept of the "Unfitted Kitchen".

Modern kitchens often have enough informal space to allow for people to eat in it without having to use the formal dining room. Such areas are called "breakfast areas", "breakfast nooks" or "breakfast bars" if the space is integrated into a kitchen counter. Kitchens with enough space to eat in are sometimes called "eat-in kitchens".

[edit] Other kitchen types
canteen kitchen

Restaurant and canteen kitchens found in hotels, hospitals, educational & work place facilities, army barracks, and similar establishments are generally (in developed countries) subject to public health laws. They are inspected periodically by public-health officials, and forced to close if they do not meet hygienic requirements mandated by law.

Canteen kitchens (and castle kitchens) were often the places where new technology was used first. For instance, Benjamin Thompson's "energy saving stove", an early-19th century fully-closed iron stove using one fire to heat several pots, was designed for large kitchens; another thirty years passed before they were adapted for domestic use.

Today's western restaurant kitchens typically have tiled walls and floors and use stainless steel for other surfaces (workbench, but also door and drawer fronts) because these materials are durable and easy to clean. Professional kitchens are often equipped with gas stoves, as these allow cooks to regulate the heat quicker and more finely than electrical stoves. Some special appliances are typical for professional kitchens, such as large installed deep fryers, steamers, or a Bain Marie. (As of 2004[update], steamers—not to be confused with a pressure cooker—are beginning to find their way into domestic households, sometimes as a combined appliance of oven and steamer.)
The Food Technology room at Marling School in Stroud, Gloucestershire.

The fast food and convenience food trends have also changed the way restaurant kitchens operate. There is a trend for restaurants to only "finish" delivered convenience food or even just re-heat completely prepared meals, maybe at the utmost grilling a hamburger or a steak.

The kitchens in railway dining cars present special challenges: space is constrained, and nevertheless the personnel must be able to serve a great number of meals quickly. Especially in the early history of the railway this required flawless organization of processes; in modern times, the microwave oven and prepared meals have made this task a lot easier. Galleys are kitchens aboard ships or aircraft (although the term galley is also often used to refer to a railroad dining car's kitchen). On yachts, galleys are often cramped, with one or two gas burners fuelled by a gas bottle, but kitchens on cruise ships or large warships are comparable in every respect with restaurants or canteen kitchens. On passenger airplanes, the kitchen is reduced to a mere pantry, the only function reminiscent of a kitchen is the heating of in-flight meals delivered by a catering company. An extreme form of the kitchen occurs in space, e.g. aboard a Space Shuttle (where it is also called the "galley") or the International Space Station. The astronauts' food is generally completely prepared, dehydrated, and sealed in plastic pouches, and the kitchen is reduced to a rehydration and heating module.

Outdoor areas in which food is prepared are generally not considered to be kitchens, although an outdoor area set up for regular food preparation, for instance when camping, might be called an "outdoor kitchen". Military camps and similar temporary settlements of nomads may have dedicated kitchen tents.

In Schools where Home Economics (HE) or Food technology (previously known as Domestic science) is taught, there will be a series of kitchens with multiple equipment (similar in some respects to laboratories) solely for the purpose of teaching. These will consist of between 6 and 12 workstations, each with their own oven, sink and kitchen utensils.

SUMBER

After Blacksburg

Yesterday's rampage at Virginia Tech is pure tragedy: Families and friends are grieving, the university and Blacksburg need to make themselves whole again, and we all share something of the shock and loss caused by a horrific act of violence. With few of the facts resolved, and as survivors struggle to recuperate and victims are laid to rest, it's inappropriate to frame the tragedy in political terms. Yet as early as Monday afternoon, both gun-rights and gun-control advocates sought to use the killings to their advantage. The timing makes that an obscene gesture. Still, Monday's events will move gun policy near the front of the domestic political agenda for the upcoming election cycle.
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The most sweeping and controversial bill currently before Congress, however, proves only that federal lawmakers engage in gun policy to further their self-interest, not to solve problems. The bill, HR 1022, would renew and strengthen the assault-weapons ban, which Congress allowed to expire in September 2004. Like its predecessor, HR 1022 is a great political tool for both sides, but would have very little practical effect. Assault weapons may be photogenic, but they're used in only a small fraction of violent crimes. (The Virginia Tech shooter apparently used two handguns, which neither ban would cover.) Furthermore, loopholes in the assault weapons ban allowed for open and legal sale of all banned guns and paraphernalia. These bans distract us from the smarter legal steps we should be taking.
Related in Slate
More from John T. Casteen IV on the problems with the gun lobby. David Kairys argues that the gun industry has bought itself immunity from prosecution. Dave Cullen dissects the motivations of the Columbine killers. Dahlia Lithwick looks at the eerie Web sites of young killers.

The new bill's champions argue that it's necessary to prevent gun crime, and its opponents counter that it will ban millions of legitimate sporting weapons. Both claims are as empty as they are shrill. The bill will likely have almost no measurable effect on gun violence. The major gun-control groups know as much, which is why they haven't gotten behind it. And the proposed law is written specifically to exclude the semiautomatic rifles and shotguns Americans own for hunting, target-shooting, and self-defense. Both sides assume their constituents won't look up crime statistics or the text of the bill, and so will accept the hyped-up claims of politicians rather than assessing the policy more thoroughly.

HR 1022, which stands almost no chance of passage, is a fund-raising bill, a marketing tool, designed to exploit a wedge issue for the benefit of politicians who need to raise money for the next election. It's designed to get Congress off the hook for debating laws that would show national leadership and make a real difference in restricting violent peoples' access to guns.

The law we need doesn't address a narrow class of guns, and it relies on the principles of a law we already have: the Brady Law. Brady mandates a federal background check before the sale of a gun by any seller who holds a federal firearms license. It applies to Internet gun deals, gun-shop purchases, and sales by FFL sellers at gun shows. It does not apply, however, to the estimated 40 percent of gun transfers that take place between individuals: non-FFL sellers at those same gun shows, and person-to-person sales made through personal contacts or Internet and print classified ads. That's a far larger volume of guns and gun sales than HR 1022 would affect. As our law stands now, anyone may sell a gun to anyone else; the FFL is required only of those who do so as a commercial venture. Sellers without an FFL may not buy and sell new guns for retail, but may trade in used guns—without background checks—to their heart's content. The bill we need would address that large loophole by requiring that every transfer of ownership be preceded by a Brady background check.

Background checks aren't perfect, of course. They can't absolutely predict future behavior; the Blacksburg killer may well have passed one, for example. No gun law, however, can claim to prevent future acts of violence. The universal check would be valuable because it would restrict access by those who go to private sellers knowing they'd fail the check at a gun shop. The checks don't keep people with clean records from becoming violent. But they keep those with criminal backgrounds from evading the check system we have in place now.

Despite the advantages, however, Congress isn't talking about closing the background-check loopholes because such a step requires an uncomfortable compromise on the part of advocacy groups and politicians on both sides. Gun-control advocates know that a universal background check would represent a financial windfall for FFL dealers. Those dealers would perform the checks and so reap the benefit of higher ancillary sales of ammunition, holsters, and orange hats—the merchandise on which they collect high profit margins. Person-to-person sales would continue exactly as they do now, except that the transaction would involve a trip to the local gun shop and the Brady check's nominal fee—sort of like the paperwork involved in selling a car. For the most part, gun-control advocates have not pushed for a universal background check; the exception is the Brady Campaign, which admirably has adopted the check as part of its legislative agenda. Gun-rights groups oppose such a measure because they contend, quixotically, that it would further erode their constitutional prerogatives.

While the Blacksburg tragedy reminds us that we cannot know for certain who will or will not turn a gun to violent ends, the universal background check could guarantee that no one with a criminal record could legally buy a gun in this country. That knowledge can't assuage the pain caused by yesterday's murders, or by monstrous acts of violence committed with guns every day. But as we resume the national debate over weapons, violence, safety, and freedom, let us demand of Congress meaningful change rather than placeholders and platitudes.

SUMBER

THE MASTER OF BLOG

So my next rotation isn't until later this year (we will annouce exact dates soon, but a hint for you... mid to late September and early November... read into that what you will....) and so I now have some time to catch up on other things, get exam re-takes completed (a lot booked in, so should be more good news to annouce over the next month or so), maybe even take a vacation (sorry, that's holiday to the real English speakers...) etc.

But one really exciting thing I have planned and wanted to post about is the re-development of the curriculum to teach Exchange 2010. Over the few weeks I'm spending time with my instructors, some Product Group folks and anyone else who has an opinion, to discuss how we will change the content to teach the new version of Exchange. It's actually going to be quite challenging I suspect. There's a LOT of new stuff and nothing is going away... That sounds a bit marketing to me, but it's true, think about it. Rather than risk falling foul of an NDA and listing a bunch of new features, I'll avoid listing them and let some other web site tell you what is coming, but the real issue is that we aren't taking anything out... So, it's not like we can drop content to include new features. That's my problem. Sure there is no CCR/SCR/LCR as such, but now we have DAG, so that's an easy swap I guess, but what about the new transport, maillbox, federation and CAS features? There's lot of new stuff, but the old stuff, routing, perf and scale, certificates and namespace, storage fundamentals etc, are all still there... That's my problem, how do we fit it all in without extending the duration? I'm sure we'll work it out, but it will make for an interesting few weeks as we have to prioritize what we want to teach and then build a course around it...

So, if you have an opinion, drop me a line, post here, tell me what you think. And if you don't have an opinion, enjoy the weather, get some rest and then carry on with your life, it's ok, we'll work it out.

As another reminder, the 2010 deliveries we will be doing will have real expereince pre-reqs for attendance. If you are great at 2007 but aren't already involved in a TAP or RDP program, then 2007 is the cert for4 you, you can upgrade later.

Greg
Filed under: Exchange, Planning, Future Plans
I was hoping for a trip home to Germany, but looks like MCM will stay Redmond only for now.
03 June 09 10:03 PM | A Certified Master | 0 Comments

This past year (we always think in fiscal years over here, and ours run from July 1 to June 30, so it's time to reflect ;-) ), we put in a considerable amount of time and energy into figuring out how we might deliver our programs outside of Redmond. After a lot of back and forth, the answer is that we're not goint to....at least not this next fiscal year. Here's why...

Why do people want it / need it outside of Redmond in the first place? I'll be bold and say the only good reasons for wanting it local are:

* Visa reasons (depending on where you're coming from, it can be difficult to get one for the US)
* Relatively small savings on airfare, and
* Foregoing jetlag.

What many people don't think of right away is that if we were to offer the trianing in Munich, for example, (most) everyone would still need to fly there, everyone would still need to stay in a hotel, everyone would still need to pay for meals. Saving $1-2k in flights does not outweigh the advantages of being here in Redmond. The T&E difference between staying in a hotel in Munich vs. our housing in Redmond is minimal...the price is better in Redmond, actually.

What do you get having the training here in Redmond?

* You get to be 'on campus'...it's still pretty darn cool to be here, to see 'where it all happens', to breathe in the true geek air, visit the company store, etc.
* You get to meet many people who are deeply involved in the product of your choice
o Does the class have a question about something in particular that came up regarding future implementations? - - We'll have the Program Manager responsible for that component stop on by to discuss (a great advantage of signing an NDA when you come to the training :) ).
o Want to meet some of the people in the product group? The people who determine what the product will be and how it will function? - - We schedule a "Meet the PM's" session for each rotation in the building where the product group resides. Food, drink, and discussion with them allows candidates to make a more personal connection. BTW, Vice Presidents of the company have been known to stop by here, too..not too shabby.
o Curious about how Microsoft IT deals with some of the same issues that you face very day? - - We'll have someone stop by and spend an hour discussing it. No bull, no PR, just the facts.
* You are far from home which will allow you to focus better. Trust me when I say that if the training were in your home town, it'd be terrible. Your family would expect you to be available, your company might, too, but the reality is: there is zero time for anything else when you're going through this. Class from 8-6, grab a bite to eat, study in your apartment with team mates, go to bed, rinse, repeat...

What else do you get for having it in Redmond?

* Well, you get to have great people who will guide you during your 3 weeks. In other words: I probably get to have my awesome team together longer. If I chased them around the world non-stop, I'm guessing they'd wave the surrender flag fairly quickly.
* The price doesn't go up...(I know, I know..it's so cheap now! ;-) )
o Since our instructors are 95% US based, we'd now be looking at substantial increases in T&E (remember, it's not just one instructor, it's about 7-10 per 3 weeks of training)
o Infrastrucutre - How on Earth are we going to allow you to access our state of the art labs? We considered remote access back to Redmond - too risky. We considered hosting at key data centers around the world - too expensive, as we'd need to duplicate hardware...same goes for paying a hosting company, never mind the logistics of staging the machines, etc. We investigated running at Microsoft Technology Centers that potentially already have some hardware...that didn't pan out either.

So, there you have it; we're staying in Redmond for now. Perhaps many will boo this decision (I know the cost discussion gets less advantgeous when considering various regions where cost of living is much lower), but I think once you consider all factors, it does make sense for now. We'll keep looking at when / how it would benefit everyone to spread our wings beyond that.

For now, my Exchange Ranger jacket label will remain fairly true:

Microsoft Certified Architect: Messaging Master
Built by the Ranger Master Programs in Redmond, WA

All the best,
Per



PS - stay tuned for our updated calendar of offerings which will be posted within the next 2 weeks.




Filed under: Future Plans
Please Welcome and Congratulate the Newest Exchange 2007 MCM's!
03 June 09 07:26 PM | Greg Taylor | 1 Comments

MCM Exchange 2007 R3 finished on May 22nd, and resulted in seven new MCM's. They were;

* Chris Antonakis - Chris is a PFE for Microsoft based in South Africa
* Mark Biernatowicz - Marek works for Polska Telefonica in Poland as a Mail Specialist
* Sol Keston - Sol works for MCS in the US East Region for Microsoft
* Ryan Sanders - Ryan works for Forsythe Solutions Group as a Senior Consultant
* Dustin Smith - Dustin works as an Advisory Architect for EMC
* Steve McIntyre - Steve is a Solutions Architect for Dell in the UK
* Rolf Tröndle - Rolf works for Econis AG as an IT Architect

Well done to them all, it was another intenstive 3 weeks, 16 came, 7 passed first time, and I'm sure many more will complete the exams over the next month or two.

Coming to this blog soon will be the schedule for the two remaining Exchange 2007 deliveries, before we re-develop for 2010. Now, if you are reading this, thinking of attending but are thinking you'll just wait for 2010 I would say this - unless you are going to be getting real hands-on expereince with 2010, don't wait. There's a good chance you won't be accepted straight onto the 2010 delivery if you can't show real world experience. My suggestion would be to get onto the 2007 training and then take advantage of the upgrade options we will offer next year. So don't delay, get yourself registered.
Filed under: Exchange, New Cert Annoucements, Upgrades
Rotation 2 OCS MCM - showing Exchange and Directory that real time comms is where it's at!
22 May 09 04:23 PM | adymac | 3 Comments

In between all the work during rotation 2 we managed to squeeze in some group events. The usual favourite was karting at K1 Speed in Redmond. For this rotation we combined forces with Exchange and Directory which were running at same time in Redmond and what is normally a fun filled 2 hours on the track turned into a vicious inter program race off (OK - maybe not but I'm trying to talk it up). After 2 hours of nonstop time trials the 8 fastest from the evening were called forward for a final race. The final was a 'take no prisoners' fight for the chequered flag. The race started with some shocking driving by the Directory and Exchange PMs where they resorted to dirty tricks and un-gentlemanly conduct. Despite all this Team OCS won the evening taking first place (Juergen Fruehwirth), third (Nick Smith), fifth and seventh and ALSO recording the fastest lap of the night. So if you need an answer as to which program is the best. Here you have it.....

OCS cleans up at K1



So long Exchange and bring it on Sharepoint in rotation 3. We'll be waiting......
Filed under: Exchange, OCS, Fun, Directory
Congratulations to a new OCS MCM
22 May 09 04:15 PM | adymac | 2 Comments
Congratulations to Maureen Magnotta from MCS, a candidate from rotation 1, who has now certified after an exam retake. Way to go Maureen!
Filed under: OCS, New Cert Annoucements
Announcing the new OCS Masters!
22 May 09 03:55 PM | adymac | 0 Comments

A few days ago we finished the second rotation of OCS Master. It was quite a ride and the group was really strong. I'm thrilled to announce the following candidates successfully completed the program and are now certified.

Partners and Customers

· William Scheffer - Enabling Technologies (US)

· Benoit Boudeville – Avanade (France)

· Marco van Olst – VX Company (Netherlands)

· Mark Stafford - Extend Health (US)

· Jeff Balsdon – Dell (US)

Microsoft

· Doug Lawty – MCS (US)

· Indranil Dutta – PFE (US)

· Nick Smith – MCS (US)

· Scott Stubberfield – MCS (Canada)



Here is a picture of the group taken right before they got stuck in to the qual lab on the final Saturday.

All smiles right before the qual lab

As you can see they could hardly contain their excitement at the task ahead of them...

Adrian
Filed under: OCS, New Cert Annoucements
See What Happens When You Pass a Masters Exam....
19 May 09 11:30 PM | Greg Taylor | 1 Comments

So we're in week 3 of MCM Exchange 2007 Rotation 3 right now, which is why it has been a bit quiet... busy busy...

On Monday the class took exam number 2, covering mailbox, performance, ccr, scr etc. It's a very tough exam. At 8pm Monday night the class got their results.

A few of them were together at the time, check out the happiness that comes as a result of being one step closer to being an MCM.... Just two more exams to go...

Happy Masters

(and look how happy the waitress was to have this group of brain-the-size-of-a-planet people in her restaurant that night... ahem...)

Only a week from now these guys will all know whether they made MCM this time, or might need another go at an exam. It's been a fun, and intensive two and a bit weeks.

I'll leave it to the guys in the picture to identify themselves.
Filed under: Exchange, Fun
Another Write-Up on the MCM Experience
05 May 09 05:40 PM | Greg Taylor | 6 Comments
Neil Johnson from MCS in the UK, who attended Exchange R2 has written up a very comprehensive account of his recent experience - go check it out at http://blogs.technet.com/msukucc/archive/2009/05/05/microsoft-certified-master-exchange-2007-a-survivors-guide.aspx
Filed under: Exchange, From a Certified Master, Preparing for training
A new OCS MCM from Rotation 1!
04 May 09 05:31 PM | adymac | 0 Comments
Congratulations to Mohammad Vakil from MCS in Dubai who has just certified after an exam retake!
Filed under: OCS
Introducing the SharePoint MCM Program and the First Microsoft Certified SharePoint Masters!
29 April 09 05:27 PM | Petro | 14 Comments

As the Program Manager for the SharePoint Master and MCA programs, I am pleased to introduce the programs and the first two groups of Certified SharePoint Masters! (Microsoft Certified Masters for SharePoint 2007)

To recap, the Alpha delivery (Rotation 1, or “R1”) was held in November of last year and the Beta delivery (R2) finished up in early April. Throughout this process I’ve had the great pleasure of working with the SharePoint MCM Instructor team to design, build, deliver, improve, update, redeliver, (repeat) the SharePoint MCM program.

The Instructor team is made up of 15 – 20 of the top subject matter experts in the world. Each Instructor is a SharePoint expert, either as members of the SharePoint Product Group or as deployment professionals in the field, and they’re exceptionally deep in the areas they instruct. Additionally, in a few target areas we pair Instructors with domain expertise in dependent technologies (SQL, AD, etc.) with SharePoint SMEs in the same area – such as paring our SQL Instructors (Paul Randal and Kimberly Tripp) with our resident SharePoint SQL SME (Bill Baer.)

Each delivery, or “Rotation”, spans three back-to-back weeks of training in Redmond, WA. The first step in the SharePoint MCM journey is to ensure application pre-requisites are met. Once the pre-requisites have been met, the next step is to complete an application. After application pre-requisites are verified, the Instructor team will review the applicant's documentation and then schedule a one hour technical interview conference call. This phase of the process is important for a number of reasons. Due to the intense nature of the program and the depth and breadth of material covered, the Instructor team conducts the technical interview to gain a better understanding of the applicant’s skill level and subject matter expertise. This is a very rigorous, comprehensive, and thorough application process. Applicants should expect to demonstrate a working knowledge, expertise, and hands-on experience across SharePoint Products and Technologies, as well as a willingness to share their knowledge with and learn from others. The documentation along with the technical interview provide the basis for assessing an applicant's readiness to enter the program. Applicants whose applications are accepted should be very proud for having become “MCM candidates.” This in itself is a great accomplishment and having great experts in the room is a key aspect of each rotation.

The candidates that attend and work through each rotation bring a terrific amount of expertise and a wide array of experience to each delivery. As the SharePoint Master program is targeted at SharePoint professionals who actively design, build, configure, deploy, support, and troubleshoot SharePoint implementations, each candidate has a background across the SharePoint stack. If you’re a SharePoint professional, you’ll realize that this covers quite a lot of ground. In fact, to get a feel for some of the areas covered, a good place to start is the recommended pre-reading list for each rotation located here.

To provide more insight into the program, some of the members of R1 and R2 have recently posted blog posts describing their rotation experience. I’ve posted these below along with posts from Arpan Shah, Andrew Connell, and Todd Baginski as they provide a good view into the program from different vantage points:

· Bill Baer: An inside view of the SharePoint MCM Program

· Russ Houberg: Master Training: Are You Ready?

· Mirjam van Olst: My Microsoft Certified Master Experience

· Maurice Prather: A Perspective on the Microsoft Certified Master Program for SharePoint

· Spencer Harbar: Certified Master for SharePoint 2007 “R2”

· Arpan Shah: Meeting Potential Future SharePoint Masters

· Andrew Connell: Microsoft Certification Master for SharePoint - My Involvement in Helping Create the Certification Content and Some Thoughts...

· Todd Baginski: SharePoint Certified Master - An Inside Look

Hopefully the above links provide more insight into the program and help provide a better understanding of the overall experience of a rotation.

So with that, without further ado, it is my great pleasure to introduce our first SharePoint Masters! Each of these individuals has demonstrated deep knowledge and subject matter expertise as well as real-world hands-on experience with SharePoint. As mentioned earlier, each SharePoint MCM has undergone a thorough interview process, attended a full rotation, passed three comprehensive written exams, and finally, has successfully completed a thorough qualification-lab (aka “the qual lab”) practical hands-on exam.

Please join me in congratulating our newest Certified SharePoint Masters!

Listed below in alphabetical order:

· Aku Heikkerö: Aku is the Lead IW Architect for Microsoft Consulting Services (MCS) in Europe and is based in Helsinki, Finland.

· Ali Mazaheri: Ali is a Senior Consultant with MCS and is based in the West region of North America.

· Bill Baer: Bill is a Technology Architect with Microsoft Online and is based in Redmond, Washington.

· Brett Geoffroy: Brett Geoffroy is a Principal Consultant for Microsoft Consulting Services in the Netherlands. He originally hails from the US – most recently the San Francisco Bay Area - and currently resides in Amsterdam.

· Ingeborg Struijk: Ingeborg is a member of Microsoft Services in the Netherlands and works as Information Worker Consultant.

· Kimmo Forss: Kimmo Forss is an Architect in the Microsoft Online Services Group, with particular focus on SharePoint. Previously, Kimmo served as a Lead Architect for Microsoft Enterprise Services and is based in Helsinki, Finland.

· Maurice Prather: Maurice is an enterprise architect, SharePoint MVP, and serves as the Lead Architect for ShareSquared, Inc. (http://www.sharesquared.com).

· Mitch Prince: Mitch is a Principal Consultant and Delivery Architect with Microsoft Consulting Services based out of New York City.

· Nakul Joshi: Nakul is a Consultant with Microsoft Consulting Services and is based in India.

· Peter Williams: Peter is a Senior Consultant for Microsoft based in Sweden.

· Scott Jamison: Scott is a Director of Enterprise Architecture with the Enterprise Product Group at Microsoft.

· Spencer Harbar: Spencer is an independent SharePoint consultant, trainer, and SharePoint MVP based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

· Todd Carter: Todd is a Principal Premier Field Engineer with Microsoft and is based in Las Colinas, Texas.

· Vesa Juvonen: Vesa is a Senior Consultant for Microsoft Consulting Services and is based in Helsinki, Finland.

Congratulations to all of our new SharePoint Masters. We expect to add additional names to this list in the coming months as we’ll have more qual-lab and written exam retakes in the next few months (from R1 & R2), as well as an R3 delivery in June. We’ll be sure to post updates with regards to new SharePoint MCMs as needed.

I’m looking forward to working with the new group of candidates in June and to continued collaboration with our new community of SharePoint Masters!

James Petrosky
And Another Two Makes ... I've Lost Count...
28 April 09 10:40 PM | Greg Taylor | 1 Comments

This week two more of those who attended MCM Exchange R2 took and passed their Qual Labs. So, a big well done and a ho ho ho to;

* Tim Thomason - Tim is a Senior Messaging Consultant for IBM, based in Canada. Tim has lived all over the world and has a weatlh of experience, not just in Exchange, but in things like virtualization. A great asset to have Tim in the community.
* Gabriel Velilla - Gabriel is a Senior Engineer and the Lead Engineer for Exchange for the New York City Dept of IT and Telecommunications (aka DoITT...How NY is that?!). His business card is therefore 9" wide, just to get the job title and org name on it.

Well done to you both, great to have you certified and part of the MCM community.

Greg
Filed under: Exchange, New Cert Annoucements
Introducing MCM Exchange R2
27 April 09 07:13 PM | Greg Taylor | 1 Comments

I would have done this earlier but I'm not all that technical and couldn't figure out how to publish a picture... Anyway, here's a class picture of all those that attended MCM R2.

So, from left to right we have.... Morten Banke, Tyler Jin, Atif Mazhar, Kris Becan, Riaz Malik, Morten Kjønnø, Tim Maynes, hocheol Kang, me, Theodore the Chipmonk, Brian Gibson, Davide McGarr, Sjaak Rovers, Kay Sellenrode, Tim Thomason, Gabriel Velilla, Neil Johnson, Wayne Filin-Mathews.

What a handsome bunch they are eh?

A week today another 15 turn up for MCM Exchange R3. I can't wait.....
Filed under: Introductions, Exchange
SQL Cat publishes XEvents Waitstats reporting tool!
27 April 09 05:11 PM | Ken Tanner | 0 Comments

Mentioned during the last rotation was SQL CAT team's Waitstats reporting tool. I was pleased to learn today that the tool is finally available on codeplex, at the following link. I've come to rely on WaitStats in my most frequent customer requested task, performance tuning (PTO). I harken back to the SQL 2000 days when I was fortunate to stumble upon a whitepaper written by Tom Davidson (SQL CAT Team) and found it provided unbelievable insights previously hidden from my poor eyes. Many of the waitstats of today can be discovered using DMV's in the box. This tool allows the user to collect "Response time analysis at the session or statement level including waitstats using the new Extended Events infrastructure in SQL Server 2008". This represents another arrow in the waitstats quiver that I find is frequently one of my steps when evaluating performance problems on large database systems. I hope you find this as useful as I expect.

-kt
Filed under: SQL, SQL performance Tuning
Two More MCM Exchange 2007's from MCM R2
22 April 09 12:00 AM | Greg Taylor | 2 Comments

Today two more of the R2 attendees passed their Qual Lab and became MCM's in Exchange Server 2007. Please congratulate;

*
Morten Kjønnø - Morten is from ErgoGroup AS in Norway. Not only is he now an Exchange Master, but he's a very good photographer...many of the pics I might publish are his work.
*
Tim Maynes - Tim is a PFE for Microsoft in the US and works with all the big US government customers.

Well done to you both, and welcome to the MCM community.
Filed under: Exchange, New Cert Annoucements
Maybe I Didn't Shout Loud Enough?
21 April 09 11:46 PM | Greg Taylor | 2 Comments

Have you seen the rather fantastic and funny video about shouting at your disks in the datacentre? If you haven't, you should... it's interesting stuff.

So much so that when we talked storage in the MCM Exchange R2 rotation we just finished, we decided to test this theory ourselves. So our instructor, Jud Doran from Microsoft's Exchange Center of Excellence in Redmond set up a webcam next to a storage array we have in the lab we use and sent over some poor soul (that would be me) to shout at some disks, whilst he and the class watched me through the webcam and listened to me over my cell phone and OCS at Jud's end.

It was already noisy in there. But I gave it my best effort and shouted at the disks - and nothing happened... so I did it again... still, nothing... so we concluded that either I can't shout loud enough (I think that's unlikely, but I was out voted), the array we have is too good at dampening vibration, the disks in the array were too spread out, or, just to make me look daft, I was shouting at the wrong array...but it would be entertaining to those that were watching...

So seeing as how it didn't work, I yanked a disk out. :-) that didn't really do much either, so conclusion was - good storage. Lots of green twinkly lights and the storage carried on just fine. .

I did get some very funny looks though from the three guys standing outside the door to the lab when I came out.....

SUMBER

How do you define love?

Some say it's mysterious, magical, complex, difficult, imaginary, thought-provoking, inspirational, intuitional, joyous, immeasurable, ecstasy, and undefinable. Perhaps.

In one of Dr. John Gray's audio cassettes he defines love as follows: "Love is a feeling directed at someone which acknowledges their goodness."

On the same cassette, he refers to the definition by M. Scott Peck: "The willful intent to serve the well being of another."

Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. - 1 Corinthians 13:5-7

My favorite is by Paramahansa Yogananda: "To describe love is very difficult, for the same reason that words cannot fully describe the flavor of an orange. You have to taste the fruit to know its flavor. So with love."

Love itself is a universal experience. Yet, every individual occurrence - while perhaps bound by a common thread - seems absolutely unique. Love is what love is! To everyone it expresses itself differently.
Love is the answer to "all" questions!

It is important to stand in Love, not fall into it.

Love is waking up to find the object of your affection in the dream you were having asleep on your shoulder.

Could it be that Love is a story that can never be fully expressed?

Love is a bond or connection between two people that results in trust, intimacy, and an interdependence that enhances both partners.

Love is the ability and willingness to allow those you care for to be what they choose for themselves, without any insistence that they satisfy you. - Leo Buscaglia

Making Love is the highest level and the most loving way we can physically express or demonstrate our Love for our love partner. Everyone knows that the sexual experience can be the single most loving, most exciting, most powerful, most exhilarating, most renewing, most energizing, most affirming, most intimate, most uniting, most stress-relieving, most recreative physical experience of which humans are capable.

When you tell someone something bad about yourself and you're scared they won't Love you anymore. But then you get surprised because not only do they still Love you, they Love you even more. - Matthew - age 7

Love is when your puppy licks your face even after you left him alone all day. - Mary Ann - age 4

Logic says everything in this world has a cause and an effect. True Love is the only feeling which is its own cause and its own effect. It is something illogical and yet above all logic. I Love her because I Love her, and I Love her so I Love her. - Prateek Kumar Singh

Love is comforting someone in need of Love and having them know that somebody cares.

Love is looking past imperfections in your partner and seeing the beautiful person inside. True love seeks the happiness and well being of your partner. Love expresses itself in the mutual respect you demonstrate to your partner.

Guys, this one is for you! - Love is letting your partner have the TV remote for 30 days!

Love must be experienced. Its meaning is infinite and can never be totally defined.

The opposite of Love is fear. Think about it.

There is no fear in Love; but perfect love casts out fear. - Bible

God is love.

Love is loving someone without expecting anything in return; no judgments, no restrictions; no limitations; no expectations!

True Love is the nature of bliss.

Love is expressed when you are being someone who loves someone for who they are, not who you think they should be.

Love is embracing differences and discovering ways in which to build a common lifestyle, share decision-making, and taking equal responsibility for the results.

I was nauseous and tingly all over. . . I was either in Love or I had smallpox. - Woody Allen

Love seeks no cause beyond itself and no fruit; it is its own fruit, its own enjoyment. I love because I love; I love in order that I may love. - St. Bernard 1090-1153, French Theologian and Reformer

Teach only Love for that is what you are. - A Course In Miracles

Love is a decision.

Love Wagon If you want Love, you must first Love. Love begets Love. You cannot deliver from an empty wagon. You must first learn to Love yourself before you can give Love.

"If you Loved me, you would. . ." Not! Love is not manipulative. It must never be used to get others to do what you want. When you Love someone you never ask them to sacrifice a part of themselves in the name of Love. This form of manipulation contaminates our Love for another.

Can't Buy Me Love! - The Beatles

Love is to like with a great intensity.

True love has a foundation of integrity, respect, faith and trust. Love is the force that brings about unity and harmony.

Although love is at the root of our basic nature, Love for another human being must be cultivated. It takes time for Love to mature.

Is your love free and unconditional, or is it mixed with various needs, conditions and demands from your partner?

Love is embracing differences and discovering ways in which to build a common lifestyle, share decision-making, and take equal responsibility for the results.

The road to self-discovery is paved with Love.

Love has no meaning other than the meaning "we" give it.

Perhaps. . . Love just Is. While in its allness and in its nothingness, all we need to do is simply let it Be.

Robert Heinlein in "Stranger in a Strange Land" said, Love is. . . "That condition whereby the happiness of another is essential to your own." (Thanks, Don)

To demonstrate Love. . . say, "I Love you" - outloud - at least once each day to someone you love. There is magic in these three little words. Saying "I love you" is the most beautiful gift you can give to your partner. These words are the most treasured a person can hear. To be different, say, "I Love you" in a foreign language.

What Is Love?

One must understand whether "what is love" can be a question which can be answered? Love cannot be a question. For, if it is a question then an answer should be there. If the answer is there, where is it? This question is ancient and an answer should have been found by now! If the answer has been found, the question would have disappeared.

But the question still remains, meaning the answer has not been found. If it has not been found as yet, then what is the certainty that it will be found? Maybe the mind can never find the answer! A single answer, which will please all minds, is not possible for each mind has its own ideas of love. Hence a universal answer is an illusion.

Individual answers are there for love and for this very reason there are arguments about love for each mind will contradict the answer of another mind. This contradiction is normal for each mind lives in a different point in time. Hence "what is love" is an illusionary question, which has no answer! - Dr. Vijai S. Shankar

PENGGANTI NOTEPAD

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Aspek security jaringan berkaitan erat dengan servis yang disediakan: inbound atau outbound. Security pada servis outbound dapat diupayakan sebaik mungkin dengan konfigurasi firewall. Demikian pula dengan akses anonymous servis inbound, seperti anonymous FTP, HTTP, Gopher dll. Dalam hal ini, informasi sengaja disediakan bagi semua orang. Lain halnya bila kita ingin menyediakan akses non-anonymous (atau authenticated services), dimana selain melalui firewall, seseorang yang meminta akses juga harus mendapat ‘ijin’ server setelah terlebih dahulu membuktikan identitasnya. Inilah authentication. Untuk selanjutnya, penulis menggunakan istilah autentisasi sebagai sinonim kata tersebut.

RESIKO-SECURITY SERVIS INBOUND
Mengapa perlu autentisasi…..? Internet adalah jaringan publik, dan terbuka bagi setiap orang diseluruh penjuru dunia untuk menggabungkan diri. Begitu besarnya jaringan ini, telah menimbulkan keuntungan serta kerugian. Sering kita dengar dan baca tentang bobolnya sistem komputer keuangan bank, informasi rahasia Pentagon atau basis data transkrip akademik mahasiswa. Kalimat tersebut cukup untuk mewakili pernyataan bahwa kita harus ‘waspada’ terhadap orang-orang ‘jahat’ dan senantiasa berusaha memperkecil kemungkinan bagi mereka untuk dapat melakukan niat jahatnya. Memang mudah untuk meniadakan kemungkinan penyusupan (akses ilegal) dari luar dengan menutup semua kanal trafik servis inbound ke jaringan internal. Namun ini berarti telah mereduksi keuntungan utama adanya jaringan: komunikasi dan pemakaian sumber daya bersama (sharing resources). Jadi, konsekuensi alami dengan jaringan cukup besar, adalah menerima dan berusaha untuk memperkecil resiko ini, bukan meniadakannya.

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